Clinical research progress and implications of therapeutic vaccines for cervical cancer and precancerous lesions: a qualitative systematic review / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objective: To systematically summarize and analyze the clinical research progress of therapeutic vaccines for cervical cancer or precancerous lesions. Methods: English databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane library, Proquest, and ClinicalTrails.gov) and Chinese databases (SinoMed, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP Database) were systematically searched to collect literature on therapeutic vaccines for cervical cancer or precancerous lesions from inception to February 18, 2021. After screening, we evaluated the risk of bias of included studies, and combed the basic information of the literature, research designs, information of vaccines, study patients, outcome indicators and so on, qualitatively summarized the clinical research progress. Results: A total of 71 studies were included in this systematic review, including 14 random controlled trials, 15 quasi-random controlled trials, 4 cohort studies, 1 case-control study, 34 case series studies and 3 case reports. The study patients included women aged 15~79 with cervical cancer or precancerous lesions in 18 countries from 1989 to 2021. On the one hand, there were 40 studies on therapeutic vaccines for cervical precancerous lesions (22 867 participants), involving 21 kinds of vaccines in 6 categories. Results showed 3 marketed vaccines (Cervarix, Gardasil, Gardasil 9) as adjuvant immunotherapies were significant effective in preventing the recurrence of precancerous lesions compared with the conization only. In addition, MVA E2 vaccine had been in phase Ⅲ clinical trials as a specific therapeutic vaccine, with relative literature showing it could eliminate most high-grade precancerous lesions. Therapeutic vaccines for precancerous lesions all showed good safety. On the other hand, there were 31 studies on therapeutic vaccines for cervical cancer (781 participants), involving 19 kinds of vaccines in 7categories, with none had been marketed. 25 studies were with no control group, showing the vaccines could effectively eliminate solid tumors, prevent recurrence, and prolong the median survival time. However, the vaccines effectiveness couldn't be statistically calculated due to the lack of a control group. As for the safety of therapeutic vaccines for cervical cancer, 9 studies showed that patients experienced serious adverse events after treatments, where 7 studies reported that serious adverse events occurred in patients couldn't be ruled out as the results of therapeutic vaccines. Conclusions: The literature review shows that the literature evidence for the therapeutic vaccines for cervical precancerous lesions is relatively mature compared with the therapeutic vaccines for cervical cancer. The four kinds of vaccines on the market are all therapeutic vaccines for precancerous lesions, but they are generally used as vaginal infection treatments or adjuvant immunotherapies for cervical precancerous lesions, not used for the specific treatments of cervical precancerous lesions. Other specific therapeutic vaccines are in the early stage of clinical trials, mainly phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ clinical trials with small sample size. The effectiveness and safety data are limited, and further research is still needed.

Academy of Medicine, Singapore clinical guideline on endoscopic surveillance and management of gastric premalignant lesions

Gastric cancer (GC) has a good prognosis, if detected at an early stage. The intestinal subtype of GC follows a stepwise progression to carcinoma, which is treatable with early detection and intervention using high-quality endoscopy. Premalignant lesions and gastric epithelial polyps are commonly encountered in clinical practice. Surveillance of patients with premalignant gastric lesions may aid in early diagnosis of GC, and thus improve chances of survival. An expert professional workgroup was formed to summarise the current evidence and provide recommendations on the management of patients with gastric premalignant lesions in Singapore. Twenty-five recommendations were made to address screening and surveillance, strategies for detection and management of gastric premalignant lesions, management of gastric epithelial polyps, and pathological reporting of gastric premalignant lesions.

Manifestaciones clínicas y anoscópicas de las lesiones ecamosas intraepiteliales de alto grado anales / Clinical and anoscopic manifestations of high-grade anal squamous intraepithelial lesions

Introducción: Las lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales de alto grado anales (H-ASIL) son consideradas el precursor del carcinoma escamoso anal. Es por esto que distintas Sociedades recomiendan su pesquisa y tratamiento en poblaciones de alto riesgo. El objetivo del trabajo es describir las manifestaciones de H-ASIL en la anoscopía de alta resolución (AAR) en nuestros pacientes. Diseño: Retrospectivo, descriptivo. Pacientes y métodos: Revisión de historias clínicas e imágenes de AAR de pacientes con diagnóstico de H-ASIL entre enero de 2016 y julio de 2017. La evaluación anoscópica incluyó la unión escamocolumnar, el conducto anal distal y el área perianal. Frente al hallazgo de una lesión sospechosa de ASIL, se tomaron biopsias. Resultados: Entre enero de 2016 y julio de 2017 se realizaron 184 AAR. Se biopsiaron 143 lesiones sospechosas de ASIL. Veintiséis de ellas, presentes en 13 pacientes fueron H-ASIL. Once hombres (diez hombres que tienen sexo con hombre (HSH) con infección por VIH). Todas las lesiones eran subclínicas y se encontraron a nivel endoanal; eran en su totalidad acetoblancas. Se buscaron áreas con puntillado y/o mosaico sugestivas de ASIL. El uso de Lugol nos permitió aumentar el grado de sospecha y delimitar las lesiones. Se tomaron biopsias para anatomía patológica bajo visión directa. Conclusiones: Las H-ASIL son consideradas en la actualidad las precursoras del carcinoma escamoso anal; su detección y tratamiento prevendrían su desarrollo. En nuestra casuística, todos los pacientes se encontraban en al menos un grupo de riesgo. Las lesiones fueron subclínicas y requirieron de la anoscopía de alta resolución para su hallazgo, lo que permitió realizar un tratamiento dirigido. Es importante que los profesionales de la salud consideren la pesquisa de H-ASIL en población de riesgo. (AU)

Introduction: The high-grade anal intraepithelial lesions (H-ASIL) are considered the precursor of the anal squamous cell carcinoma. This is why different societies recommend the screening and treatment in high-risk populations. The objective of this paper is to describe H-ASIL manifestations in the high resolution anoscopy (HRA) in our patients. Design: Retrospective, Descriptive Patients and Methods: Review of clinical histories and pictures of HRA of patients with H-ASIL diagnosis between January 2016 and July 2017. The anoscopic evaluation included the squamocolumnar junction, the distal anal duct and the perianal area. In case of the finding of a suspicious lesion of ASIL, biopsies were taken. Results: Between January 2016 and July 2017 184 HRA were performed. 143 ASIL suspicious lesion were biopsied. Twentysix of them, in 13 patients, were H-ASIL. Eleven were men (10 men who have sex with men with HIV infection). All lesions were subclinical and found at endoanal level. The totality of them were acetowhite. Areas with coarse punctation and a mosaic pattern were suggestive of ASIL. The use of lugol´s iodine allows us to increase the grade of suspect and delimit the lesions. Biopsies were taken for pathology under direct vision. Conclusion: The H-ASIL are considered at the present the precursors of the anal squamous carcinoma. Its development could be prevented with de proper detection and treatment of the H-ASIL. In our casuistic, all patients are in at least one risk group. The lesions were subclinical and required of the high resolution anoscopy for their finding, which allows to perform a directed treatment. It is important that health professionals consider the H-ASIL screening in risk population. (AU)

Clinical and evolving features of women diagnosed with precancerous cervical lesions, screened and treated in the Amazon region of Brazil / Características clínicas e evolutivas de mulheres com diagnóstico de lesões precursoras de câncer cervical, rastreadas e tratadas na região amazônica brasileira / Las características clínicas y los resultados de mujeres con un diagnóstico de lesiones precursoras de lesión cervical, seguimiento y tratamiento en la Amazonia brasileña

The objective of the study was to determine the dynamics of precancerous lesions in women of a cohort treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and followed up over the next two years. The conditional probability of failure was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the raw and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were determined using Cox regression with a p-value entry of < 0.05. Of the 237 women who were treated, 51.5% were accompanied over 24 months, and treatment failed for 21.9% of those accompanied. Women who had five or more pregnancies (adjusted HR = 3.10, 95%CI: 1.28-7.51) or an initial histological diagnosis of CIN II/III demonstrated an independent risk of treatment failure (adjusted HR = 3.14, 95%CI: 1.20-8.19). Being in a stable relationship was a protective factor against treatment failure (adjusted HR = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.24-0.89). A history of more frequent pregnancies and a histological diagnosis of CIN II/III are directly correlated with risk of CIN treatment failure, whereas being in a stable relationship is inversely correlated with this risk.

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a dinâmica da lesão intraepitelial cervical (NIC) em mulheres tratadas que foram acompanhadas em uma coorte durante dois anos. Foi calculada a probabilidade condicional de falha usando o método de Kaplan-Meier e foram calculadas as hazard ratios (HR) bruta e ajustada para o risco de falha usando a regressão de Cox com valor de p de entrada < 0,05. Das 237 mulheres que foram tratadas, 51,5% foram acompanhadas por 24 meses e 21,9% delas tiveram falha no tratamento, apresentando recidiva da lesão cervical. Mulheres que tinham mais que cinco gestações (HR = 3,10; IC95%: 1,28-7,51) ou histológico de NIC II/III demonstraram risco independente para falha no tratamento (HR = 3,14; IC95%: 1,20-8,19) e estar em um relacionamento estável mostrou ser um fator de proteção para falha de tratamento (HR = 0,47; IC95%: 0,24-0,89). A história de maior número de gestações e histológico de NIC II/III estão diretamente correlacionados com o risco de falha no tratamento, enquanto que estar em um relacionamento estável é inversamente correlacionado ao risco.

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la dinámica de las lesiones intraepiteliales de cuello uterino (NIC) en mujeres que fueron tratadas dentro de una cohorte, cuyo seguimiento se realizó durante dos años. Se calculó la probabilidad condicional de error, utilizando el método de Kaplan-Meier y se calcularon los cocientes de riesgo (HR) crudos y ajustados por el riesgo de fracaso mediante la regresión de Cox con el aporte valor p < 0,05. De 237 mujeres que recibieron tratamiento, el 51,5% fueron seguidas durante 24 meses y en el 21,9% fracasó el tratamiento, mostrando la repetición del daño cervical. Las mujeres que tenían más de cinco embarazos (HR = 3,10; IC95%: 1,28-7,51) o NIC histológico II/III mostraron un factor de riesgo independiente para el fracaso del tratamiento (HR = 3,14; IC95%: 1,20-8,19) y estar en una relación estable resultó ser un factor protector para el fracaso del tratamiento (HR: 0,47; IC95%: 0,24-0,89). La historia de embarazos múltiples y con diagnóstico histológico NIC II/III se correlaciona directamente con el riesgo de fracaso del tratamiento, mientras que si está en una relación estable se correlaciona inversamente con la relación riesgo.

Análisis de los motivos del abandono del proceso de seguimiento y tratamiento por parte de mujeres con lesiones precursoras de cáncer de cuello uterino en la provincia de Jujuy: implicancias para la gestión / Analysis of the reasons for abandoning the follow-up and treatment process in women with pre-cancerous cervical lesions in the province of Jujuy: implications for health management

El adecuado seguimiento y tratamiento de las mujeres con lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales de alto grado (HSIL, por sus siglas en ingles) y carcinoma es un aspecto clave para la reducción de la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la magnitud y los motivos del abandono en el proceso de seguimiento y tratamiento por parte de las mujeres con diagnóstico de HSIL y carcinoma atendidas en el sistema público de la provincia de Jujuy durante 2010. Se realizó el análisis de fuentes secundarias y entrevistas domiciliarias a las mujeres. El porcentaje de abandono en la población de estudio fue del 23,5%. Entre estas mujeres, el 40,5% mencionó motivos de abandono relacionados con la organización del sistema de salud y el 30,9% mencionó motivos subjetivos. Los resultados han sido utilizados como insumos para la reorganización del proceso de seguimiento y tratamiento que se está llevando a cabo en la provincia.

Adequate follow-up and treatment of women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and cancer is key in reducing cervical cancer mortality. This research study aims to analyze the magnitude of abandonment in the follow-up and treatment process, as well as the reasons for this abandonment, in women with HSIL who received care in public health services in the province of Jujuy in 2010. Secondary sources were analyzed and women were interviewed in their homes. The abandonment rate within the study population was 23.5%. Among these women, 40.5% mentioned organizational problems in the health care system as a reason for abandoning and 30.9% mentioned subjective reasons. Our results have been used in the reorganization of the follow-up and treatment process being carried out in the province.

Mulheres com atipias, lesões precursoras e invasivas do colo do útero: condutas segundo as recomendações do Ministério da Saúde / Women with atypical, precursor lesions and invasive cervical cancer: behaviors according to the recommendations of the Ministry of Health

OBJETIVO: Verificar se as mulheres com atipias de significado indeterminado e lesões precursoras ou invasivas do colo do útero foram encaminhadas para uma Unidade de Média Complexidade (UMC) conforme as condutas recomendadas pelo do Ministério da Saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com base nos resultados dos exames citopatológicos de mulheres usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde, atendidas nas Unidades de Atenção Básica de Saúde (UABS), encaminhadas para a UMC do município de Goiânia (GO) no período de 2005 a 2006. Foram analisados 832 prontuários seguindo-se como padrão de avaliação as recomendações do Ministério da Saúde expostas na Nomenclatura Brasileira para Laudos Cervicais e Condutas Clínicas Preconizadas. Para verificar a distribuição das variáveis motivos de encaminhamento, resultados dos exames colposcópicos e histopatológicos, e condutas clínicas utilizou-se o cálculo de frequências absolutas e relativas, média, valores mínimo e máximo. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que 72,7% dos encaminhamentos não estavam em conformidade com as recomendações do MS. Das 605 mulheres com resultados classificados como células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado, possivelmente não neoplásicas, e lesão intraepitelial de baixo grau encaminhadas à UMC, 71,8% foram submetidas à colposcopia e 64,7% submetidas a exames histopatológicos cujos resultados foram classificados como sem neoplasias em 31,0% e NIC I em 44,6%. Das 211 mulheres com resultados classificados como lesões escamosas mais graves, 86,3% foram submetidas à colposcopia e destas 68,7% a exames histopatológicos. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados deste estudo mostraram elevada frequência de encaminhamentos inadequados para Unidade de atendimento secundário, o que demandou alto percentual de procedimentos desnecessários. As recomendações do MS foram seguidas pelas Unidades secundárias e a maioria das mulheres recebeu orientação/tratamento preconizados.

PURPOSE: To verify whether women with atypias of undetermined significance and precursor lesions or invasive cervical outcomes were referred to Medium Complexity Units (MCU) following the guidelines recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. METHODS: Retrospective study based on the cytopathological outcomes of users of the Unified Health System, seen at Basic Health Assistance Units (BHAU) and referred to MCUs in the municipality of Goiânia, state of Goiás, from 2005 to 2006. We assessed 832 records according to the recommendations of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, as established by the Brazilian Nomenclature for Cervical Cytopathologic Outcomes and Recommended Clinical Practice. To check the distribution of variables such as reasons for referral, results of colposcopy and histopathology and clinical procedures we calculated absolute and relative frequencies, mean, minimum and maximum values. RESULTS: We understood 72.7% of the referrals were not in accordance with the recommendations of the Ministry of Health. There were 605 women with test results classified as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, possibly non-neoplasms, and squamous intraepithelial lesion of low level which were sent to MCU, and of these 71.8% were submitted to colposcopy, and 64.7% had histopathological examination which results were classified as 31.0% with non-neoplasms and 44.6% as NIC I. Out of 211 women with results classified as more severe squamous lesions, 86.3% were submitted to colposcopy and 68.7% of these had histopathological examinations. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study revealed high rates of inappropriate referrals to MCU, which required a high percentage of unnecessary procedures. The recommendations of the Ministry of Health were followed by BHAU and the majority of women received counseling/treatment as recommended.

Seguimiento de mujeres con anormalidad citológica de cuello uterino, en Colombia / Following-up females having an abnormal Pap smear in Colombia

Objetivo Evaluar el acceso y la oportunidad al diagnóstico y al tratamiento que tienen las pacientes con lesiones cervicales de alto grado o cáncer de acuerdo con el reporte citológico, en Colombia entre junio 2005 a junio del 2006. Metodología Estudio retrospectivo mediante encuestas a una muestra de mujeres con anormalidad citológica residentes de cuatro departamentos de Colombia seleccionados por conveniencia en relación con diferentes tasas de mortalidad. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y se compararon las diferencias entre los departamentos. Resultados El 27 por ciento de las mujeres con lesiones de alto grado o invasoras no tuvieron acceso a alguno de los servicios diagnósticos o terapéuticos por razones de tipo administrativo de los servicios de salud, razones clínicas y culturales de las mujeres. Discusión Un elemento crítico que explica el bajo impacto en la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino en la mayoría de los países de Latino América es la disociación entre actividades de tamización y las de tratamiento.

Objective Evaluating the opportunity and access to diagnosis and treatment for females having had an abnormal Pap smear (high-grade epithelial lesion and cervical cancer) in Colombia from June 2005 to June 2006. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective appraisal using a semi-closed survey of females having had an abnormal Pap smear with high squamous intraepithelial lesions or cervical cancer living in four Colombian departments. These areas were conveniently selected according to their different mortality rates. A descriptive analysis was made and the departments differences compared. Results It was found that 27 percent of females having high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or cervical cancer had no access to any of the diagnostic or therapeutic services. Health service administration problems and clinical and cultural ones affecting the females in the study could explain such results. Discussion Follow-up care after abnormal cytology was very poor and could explain the lack of cervical cancer screening impact in Colombia and in most Latin-American countries.

Importancia de la inspección visual con ácido acético y su relación con los resultados de citología anormal para el tratamiento de lesiones preneoplásicas en el centro de salud Bello Amanecer de Quilalí en el período de enero del 2008 a enero del 2009 / Importance of visual inspection with acetic acid and its relation to abnormal Pap smear results for the treatment of preneoplastic lesions in the Health Center Quilalí Dawn Bello in the period January 2008 to January 2009

Se realizó un estudio en el Centro de Salud Bello Amanecer de Quilalí, Nueva Segovia en todas las pacientes que acudieron a realizarse su papanicolau durante el período de Enero del 2008 a Enero del 2009. Es de tipo longitudinal, prospectivo tipo investigación acción. El universo y muestra lo conformaron 1,103 pacientes que acudieron a realizarse su papanicolau y se les realizó inspección visual con ácido acético (IVAA). De estas, 375 fueron IVAA positivo y 139 citología anormal.Objetivo General: Describir la Importancia de la inspección visual con ácido acético y su relación con los resultados de citología anormal para el tratamiento de lesiones preneoplásicas en el Centro de Salud Bello Amanecer de Quilalí en el período de Enero del 2008 a Enero del 2009. Resultados:En este estudio se encontró que la población tamizada era principalmente mayor de 30 años (51.8%). Las neoplasias intraepitelial de cervix se presentó en un 67.9% en el rango de edad de 30 – 49 años.El mayor índice de citología anormal se encontró en las pacientes que nunca se habían hecho un papanicolau. De las 139 pacientes con citología anormal solamente en el 81.6% de las pacientes la prueba de inspección visual con ácido acético fue positiva. El 81.6% de las lesiones intraepiteliales del cervix de bajo grado fueron tratadas con crioterapia y el 84.6% de las lesiones intraepiteliales del cervix de alto grado fueron tratadas con escisión electroquirúrgica con asa.Solamente se identificó un cáncer invasor del cervix y fue referido al servicio de oncología de Managua.El seguimiento a los 6 meses reportó que el 97.6% de las pacientes tenían un control citológico negativo para células malignas. Conclusión La prueba de inspección visual con ácido acético mostró tener una sensibilidad de 79% y una especificidad del 72% con un valor predictivo positivo de 29...

Resultados de la pesquisa del cáncer colorrectal mediante videocolonoscopía en una población cerrada / Results of the colonoscopic colorectal cancer screening a community hospital

Antecedentes: La detección de lesiones preneoplásicas y del cáncer colorrectal a través de distintos estudios es efectiva para la prevención y el tratamiento de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados obtenidos con videocolonoscopías efectuadas a pacientes asintomáticos, sin riesgo de enfermedad neoplásica colorrectal. Diseño: Estudio retrospectivo. Población: Pacientes sometidos a videocolonoscopías, cuyo motivo de estudio fue pesquisa. Método: Se analizaron características demográficas, tipo y localización de los hallazgos patológicos. Resultados: De 1788 videocolonoscopías realizadas entre Marzo de 2005 y Marzo de 2006. 214 (12 %) fueron por pesquisa. 115 (54 %) pacientes fueron hombres y 99 (46 por ciento) mujeres, con una edad promedio de 59.6 (50-79) años. El estudio fue completo en el 96,7 por ciento. En 71 (33 %) estudios se halló patología. En el 60 por ciento de éstos se encontraron pólipos. La prevalencia de pólipos en esta población fue del 20 por ciento y de cáncer colorrectal del 1,4 %. Se hallaron 59 pólipos en 43 pacientes. 42,4 % fueron hiperplásicos, 52.5 por ciento adenomatosos y el 5,1 % cánceres. El 76.3 % de los pólipos se localizaron en colon izquierdo y recto y el 23,7 % en colon derecho. De los 31 pólipos adenomatosos, 7 (22,6 %) se hallaron en colon derecho (3 con displasia) y 24 (77.4 %) en el izquierdo (19 con diplasia). Los 3 cánceres se localizaron en el colon derecho. 7/59 pólipos midieron más de 10 mm, 5 en rectosigma (adenomatosos con displasía) y 2 en colon derecho (cánceres). No hubo complicaciones ni mortalidad asociadas al método. Conclusión: La videocolonoscopía es eficaz como método de pesquisa en una población cerrada.

Background: Colonoscopy is considered the most effective screening tool for detecting premalignant lesions and early colorectal cancer (CRC). Aim: To evaluate the results with colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening in average risk patients. Design: Retrospective study. Patients and Methods: All patients that underwent colonoscopy for screening were included. Screening was defined as colonoscopic examination in asymptomatic patients, older than 50 years, within family history of CRC and within history of colon diseases. Demographic characteristics, type and location of pathological findings were analyzed. Results: From 1788 colonoscopies achieved between March 2005 and March 2006, 214 (12 %) were for screening. The mean age of the patients was 59,6 (50-79) years, and 54 % (115) were men. Colonoscopy to the level of the cecum was completed in 96,7 % of the patients. 71 (33 %) procedures showed some pathological finding. 60 per cent of them were polyps, 33per cent diverticular disease and other things in 7 per cent. The prevalence of polyps was 20 %, adenomas 11,2 % and CRC 1.4 %. We found 59 polyps in 43 patients, 76,3 % in the left colon, 31 were adenomas, 25 hyperplastic polyps and 3 CRC. 7 (22,6 %) of 31 adenomas were found in the proximal colon. And all (3) CRC were situated in the right colon. 7/59 polyps had a diameter of at least 10 mm, five of them were adenomas with some grade of dysplasia and two CRC. There were no morbidity and mortality associated with this procedure. Conclusion: Colonoscopy is an effective tool for colorectal cancel' screening in a Community Hospital.

Motivos de abandono en el proceso de atención médica de lesiones precursoras de cáncer cervicouterino / Medical care abandon factors in precursor lesions of cervical cancer

Objective. To determine factors associated with medical care abandon of women with CIN. Material and methods. A nested case-control study in a cohort was done. Patients referred to clinical Dysplasia of Gyneco-Obstetrician Services in third level Hospitals were considered. Cases: Patients who abandoned medical care. Controls: women who attend their medical appointments during follow-up. All subjects underwent structured interviews focused on social, clinical and health services factors in two different times, applied at the beginning of study and the end of follow-up. Clinical records were reviewed to obtain clinical information. Analysis: Descriptive and inferential statistical was done. Non conditional Logistic Regression analysis was done to obtain adjusted association. Results. Abandon cumulative incidence rate was 108/525 = 20.7% (I.C 95% = 17.2-24.3); 60.2% happened in diagnosis phase, 17.7% ocured during therapeutic phase and 23.1% happened in surveillance phase. We studied 108 cases and 417 controls to analysis. Next adjusted risk factors were obtained: Afraid to death (ORa = 4.2, I.C.95% = 1.8-9.5), long appointments (ORa = 6.6, I.C95% = 3.4-13.0), lack of privacity (ORa = 12.5, I.C.95% = 2.6-59.8), reject to treatment (ORa = 40.4, I.C.95% = 2.1-785.4), lack of information (ORa = 41.9, I.C95% =14.2-124.1) and other factors. Conclusions. Patient perception, access and barriers in health services were the most important factors associated with medical care abandon.

Objetivo. Determinar factores asociados al abandono del proceso de atención de NIC. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte de mujeres referidas a las clínicas de displasias de dos hospitales de tercer nivel. Casos: pacientes que abandonaron su atención médica. Controles: pacientes que cumplieron con sus citas médicas. Las pacientes contestaron una entrevista estructurada respecto a variables sociodemográficas y de atención médica al inicio y al final del seguimiento. Los datos clínicos se obtuvieron de la revisión de expedientes. Análisis: Medidas de frecuencia y asociación, ajustando variables con Regresión Logística no Condicionada. Resultados. La tasa de abandono fue de 108/525 = 20.7% (17.2-24.3); 60.2% ocurrieron en la fase diagnóstica, 17.7% durante el tratamiento y 23.1% en la fase de vigilancia y/o control. Un total de 108 casos y 417 controles fueron considerados para el análisis. Los factores de riesgo ajustados fueron: miedo a la muerte (ORa = 4.2, I.C.95% = 1.8-9.5), citas prolongadas (ORa = 6.6, I.C.95% = 3.4-13.0), falta de privacidad (ORa = 12.5, I.C.95% = 2.6-59.8), rechazo al tratamiento propuesto (ORa = 40.4, I.C.95% = 2.1-785.4) y falta de información (ORa = 41.9, I.C.95% = 14.2-124.1) entre otros. Conclusiones. Los factores relacionados con la percepción de gravedad de la enfermedad y las barreras al acceso de los servicios de salud fueron los de mayor importancia para abandonar la atención médica.

Rastreamento, diagnóstico e tratamento das lesões precursoras e do câncer invasor de colo uterino no Município de Franco da Rocha, SP / Sreening, diagnosis and treatment of precursory lesions and invasive cervical cancer in the city of Franco da Rocha, São Paulo, Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo do tipo transversal foi avaliar a gravidade da lesão cervical entre mulheres com biópsia decolo uterino compatível com lesão precursora ou câncer e os principais fatores associados ao diagnóstico histológico,bem como os procedimentos e materiais disponíveis para rastreamento, diagnóstico e tratamento. Foram revisadosos prontuários de todas as mulheres com biópsia de colo uterino alterada atendidas no Hospital Regional deFranco da Rocha, entre janeiro de 1998 e dezembro de 2002. Os recursos existentes no hospital e nos postos desaúde do Município foram avaliados através de entrevista com um funcionário de cada local. A cobertura doexame de citologia (CO) foi calculada embasada nos dados do Datasus. Para a análise da associação entre asvariáveis e o diagnóstico histológico foram calculados os Odds Ratio com intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento. Foramidentificados 87 prontuários: 52 por cento HPV/ NIC 1, 27 por cento NIC 2/ NIC 3, e 21 por cento câncer invasor. As variáveisassociadas ao diagnóstico de NIC 2/ NIC 3 foram procura de atendimento por CO ou biópsia alterada, idade de35 a 49 anos e ter tido cinco partos ou mais. Por outro lado, procura de atendimento espontaneamente e porsintoma específico de câncer e, idade de 35 a 49 anos e 50 anos ou mais, ter tido cinco partos ou mais, ou oprimeiro parto com 18 anos ou mais, não usar anticoncepcional hormonal e não possuir CO prévia foram variáveisassociadas ao câncer invasor. A cobertura do exame citológico foi menor que 25 por cento em todos os anos.

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the severity of cervical lesion among women withpreneoplasic or invasive cervical biopsy, the characterisitics of these women, as well as the procedure and resourcesavailable to screen, diagnose and treat them. The files of all women with abnormal cervical histologicaldiagnosis, who attended the Franco da Rocha Regional Hospital between 1998 and 2002, were reviewed. Toevaluate the resources available in the hospital and in the primary healthcare units, an interview was carried outwith one employee from each facility. The Pap test coverage was estimated using data from Datasus. Odds Ratios,with a confidence interval of 95%, were estimated for the analysis of the association between the variables and the histological diagnosis. Eighty-seven files were identified - 52% with a diagnosis of HPV / CIN 1, 28% of CIN 2/ CIN 3, and 21% of invasive cervical cancer. Presenting to the hospital because of abnormal cytology and/orbiopsy results, being between 35 and 49 years old and having had five or more deliveries were factors associatedwith CIN 2 / CIN 3. Presenting for a specific symptom of cancer, attending the hospital spontaneously, being 50or more years old, or 35 to 49 years of age, having had five or more deliveries, not having used contraceptive pillsand not having had a previous Pap smear were factors positively associated with a diagnosis of invasive neoplasia. The Pap smear coverage was below 25% for every year studied.

role of cryosurgery in the treatment of some oral lesions

This research work deals with the treatment of thirty-nine cases of some benign and premalignant lesions by Cryosurgery. Excellent immediate postoperative response as well as long term follow-up results were reported in all cases of this study. Cryotherapy is recommended rather than other methods in the treatment of most of the benign and pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity, and is the preferrable technic by the authors now